By Dr Doris Viljoen

 

Young people in South Africa today have better access to opportunities for basic and higher education than their counterparts from previous generations did. Nevertheless, their unemployment rate continues to increase.

But what influences economic opportunities available to young people aged 20 – 29, the age where they typically finished school or higher education, and are seeking opportunities to participate in the economy for the first time?

 

A few facts

StatsSA estimates that 10 063 439 South Africans are aged between 20-29 years at the moment; making up 16.73% of our total population.

This particular age group showed an interesting growth trajectory over the past decades. In 1975, they totaled around 3.9 million, increasing significantly to 8.2 million in 2000 and then on to the current levels of 10.06 million. In the latest update of the UN population projections, this age group’s growth rate is expected to slow down and the UN population division projects around 11.3 million South Africans aged 20-29 by 2050.

 

Factors that could influence the economic opportunities available to young people

Numerous factors influence the number and the kind of economic opportunities that develop over time. To add further complexity to the situation, these factors influence, and are influenced by, each other as well. Six factors are shared here.

Appropriate skills

The kinds of skills that young people possess, will determine whether they are able to benefit from potential economic opportunities, or not.

In an ideal future South Africa, skills are developed according to what the economy needs next, curriculums and higher education approval structures are agile and responsive, and skills development opportunities are available and distributed fairly across the whole of the country.

Level of activity in the economy

When the economy grows, it could create more opportunities for young people, and vice versa. Note that there is not necessarily a direct correlation between economic growth and jobs available – given automated processes, the economy could grow without creating jobs.

Adoption of automation

The adoption of automation options throughout industries could, on the one hand, eliminate many existing jobs, but it could also create numerous next economic opportunities.

Level of agency

Individual agency could be described as the capacity of a person to make their own free choices and to act in an independent manner. In terms of benefitting from an economic opportunity, individual agency speaks to a person being willing and able to take responsibility for their own actions toward benefitting from that potential opportunity.

Changes in the age structure of the rest of the world

In many countries of the world, populations are ageing. They do not have large portions of young people in their populations anymore. One of the results of this situation, is that they develop technologies to ‘make up’ for this loss. We are seeing the development of several types of robots that take over activities that would otherwise have been performed by humans. These technologies become more prevalent, spill over to a country like South Africa, and eat away at potential job opportunities. However, countries with large portions of young people could see this as an opportunity and develop the skills sets of their young people to be feasible alternatives to robots, for example in situations like caring for older people.

Adoption of a lattice mentality

The prevalent mental image of a career ladder, with a clear entry point and consecutive steps, is changing. What is developing is more akin to a lattice. The level to which this notion is adopted by both young individuals and employers as well as other parties (particularly parents and other family members of young people) could have a significant influence on the economic activities and the opportunities that young people seek and benefit from.

 

Two very different futures

When you look toward the future from our current situation, multiple plausible futures could be imagined. The two scenarios shared here were selected because they are on opposite extremes, illustrating how a similar point of departure could develop into quite dissimilar futures.

THE REAPERS

It is August 2026, and The Reapers have struck again. This time, they targeted a feedlot where cattle were readied to be auctioned. They managed to steal 160 head of cattle the night before auction day. Initial reports indicate that they loaded the cattle onto two large trucks but, similar to other Reaper cases, investigators are unable to find any further evidence.  The Reapers specialise in the stealing of livestock and crops just before it goes to market. They grew from a small group of smart young people that were unable to find jobs in 2021, to a national conglomerate of gangs that have stolen large crops of fruits, vegetables and livestock over the past five years. Some of the gangs recently branched out to consumer products and manufactured clothing, hacking into the systems of warehouses and distribution centres, assigning loads to Reaper trucks and driving off with millions of Rands’ worth of stock.

THE FIXERS

It is 12 August 2026, and The Fixers across South Africa are doing a ‘Tapping of Tools’ ceremony at 12:00 today. This to celebrate the fact that they have completed 1 000 projects since they kicked off their activities about four years ago. The Fixers are a conglomerate of groups that tackle maintenance projects in towns and cities all across South Africa. It consists of people aged 20-29 years of age that join the movement and are coached by qualified artisans, project managers and technicians to fix roads, buildings, water systems and just about anything else that needs fixing. Funding comes from donations, as well as from government. Artisans and other professionals work at a discounted rate, the young people gain practical experience and the communities benefit from improved infrastructure. In the words of Jake, one of the first Fixers that, after his time as a Fixer, went on to study and acquired an artisan qualification: “I loved my time as a Fixer because I helped to make our town a better place to live. Now that I am qualified, I will give back by becoming one of the next Fixer mentors.”

Young people in South Africa need economic opportunities. Well-considered and collaborative action from multiple stakeholders, including young people themselves, is imperative. The scenarios illustrate how decisions made, actions taken, and resources allocated now, or not, could create vastly different outcomes in future.